From the perspective of the European Union, 1 May is far more than just a public holiday – it is a living symbol of social achievements, workers' rights, and European unity. The origins of this day lie in the struggles of the 19th-century labour movement, whose goal was to secure humane working conditions and a fairer society. Today, 1 May in Europe stands for the ongoing commitment to social justice, fair wages, equal opportunities, and a dignified working life for all citizens.
In a time of global transformation – shaped by digitalisation, demographic change, and economic uncertainty – Labour Day reminds us that Europe's strength lies in solidarity and social progress. As the European Union, we are firmly committed to the core values of a social Europe, one that leaves no one behind and respects the dignity of work.
Origin of 1 May:
- Emerged from the labour movement in the 19th century.
- Originated in the United States: On 1 May 1886, trade unions in Chicago called for a general strike to demand the eight-hour working day.
- Events escalated during the Haymarket Affair on 4 May 1886, where several people were killed.
Spread to Europe:
- From 1890 onwards, 1 May was observed in Europe, especially by socialist and social-democratic movements.
- The day became a symbol of workers’ rights, social justice, and political participation.
- Many countries declared it a public holiday.
Development in Europe:
- Early 20th century: Important day of protest and remembrance for trade unions and workers' parties.
- During the National Socialist regime (1933-1945), the day was abused in Germany and renamed "National Labour Day".
- After World War II: Re-established as an international labour holiday in most European countries.
- Today: A mix of political action, commemoration, and public holiday.
Current situation in Europe:
- 1 May is a public holiday in most European countries.
- Traditionally marked by demonstrations, rallies, and trade union events.
- In many countries, also celebrated with cultural events and family activities.
- In some Eastern European countries, it is less prominent due to differing political traditions.
Current values of Labour Day:
- Advocacy for fair wages, decent working conditions, and social security.
- Emphasis on workers’ rights and social justice.
- Solidarity, unity, and democratic participation.
- A reminder of historical achievements and a call to face new challenges (e.g. digitalisation, precarious employment, migration).